| 显示联大系统信阳师范大学英语语言学所有答案 |
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Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme, and allophone, and also how they are related.
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答案是：Phones are the minimal sound segments|that human speech organs can produce|They are basic units of phonetic study and transcribed within square brackets|such as [ei ]|Phonemes are the abstract collection of phonetic features|which can distinguish meaning|and are transcribed with the IPA symbols|but within slant lines|such as /ei /
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What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?
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答案是：The major branches of linguistics include phonetics|phonology|morphology|syntax|semantics|pragmatics|sociolinguistics|psycholinguistics and applied linguistics|Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted|and perceived|Phonology studies how sounds form systems|and function to convey meaning|Morphology studies how morphemes are combined to form words|Syntax studies how morphemes and words|are combined to form sentences|Semantics studies meaning
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How many kinds of meaning did G. Leech find and study?
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答案是：Leech’s seven types of meaning: Conceptual meaning|Connotative meaning|Social meaning|Affective meaning|Reflected meaning|Collocative meaning|and Thematic meaning
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what is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in terms of linguistic determinism?
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答案是：The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two major thrusts|linguistic determinism|and linguistic relativity|in its most extreme version, that is|in terms of linguistic determinism|the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis may be summarized as follows|one's thinking is completely determined by|his native language because on cannot but perceive the world.
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what.s the difference between pidgins and creoles?
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答案是：A pidgin is a special language variety|that mixes or blends languages|and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposed such as trading|the term is believed to have originated from|the pronunciation of the english word "business" in Chinese pidgin English|pidgins arose from a blending of several|languages such as Chinese dialects and English|African dialects and French|African dialects and Portuguese|usually a European language serves as the basis of the pidgin|in the sense that some of its grammar and vocabulary|is derived from the European language used by traders and missionaries|in order to communicate with people whose languages.
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What does pragmatics study? how does it differ from semantics?
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答案是：Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication|It is a comparatively new branch of study in the area of linguistics|it is a sentence of “what do you mean by X”|That is| the speaker of this utterance is actually asking for his/her partner’s intention|or what the partner intends the utterance to mean by X|or rather, the speaker is using this utterance as a denial of or protest against what the partner has asserted implicitly|Thus
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what is "standard dialect"? is there only one form of standard variety in English?
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答案是：There is a particular variety of language which has no connection with a particular region|it is the one with widely accepted|and codified grammar|and vocabulary|and normally spoken by educated people|and used in official documents|news-broadcast|etc|it is known as the "standard dialect"|usually taught at schools and to non-native speakers.
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Compare derivational affixes and inflectional affixes in English.
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答案是：Inflectional morpheme do not change|the word class of the word but only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem|That is it provides further grammatical meaning to the existing lexical item|In English|inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes|Derivative morpheme often change the lexical meaning and the word class|That is it provides lexical information to the existing lexical item.
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What are the major functions of language?
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答案是：Language can serve two major functions|namely|interpersonal communication and intrapersonal communication|Firstly|language functions as a means of interpersonal communication|when language users use it to convey information|thoughts and feelings from one person to another or to control each other’s behavior|Secondly|it functions as a means of intrapersonal communication.
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what abilities does Aptitude Test try to measure?
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答案是：Aptitude test attempts to measure the learner's aptitude or natural abilities to learn languages|this type of test usually consists of several different tests|which measure respectively the ability to identify and remember sound patterns|in a new language|the ability to identify the grammatical functions of different parts of sentences|the ability to work out meanings without explanation in a new language|and the ability to remember words|rules and so on in a new language.
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What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle?
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答案是：Maxim of Quantity|Maxim of Quality|Maxim of Relation|Maxim of Manner.
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What are the five stages of TG Grammar?
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答案是：Periods on its development|The classical theory (1957)|The standard theory (1965)|The extended standard theory|Government and binding (1981)|The minimalist program (1995).
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What are the differences between a root and a stem?
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答案是：A “root” is the base form of a word|that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity|In other words|a “root” is that part of the word left|when all the affixes are removed|All words contain a root morpheme|A stem is the part of a word to|which an inflectional affix is or can be added|e.g|'worker' in 'workers' is a stem|The stem of a word can be : a simple stem consisting of only one morpheme or root|eg|work|a root plus a derivational affix.
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How does a sentence differ from an utterance?
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答案是：A sentence is a grammatical concept|It usually consists of a subject and predicate|An utterance is a unit of communication|It is the smallest linguistic unit that has a communicative value|If we regard a sentence as what people actually utter|in the course of communication|it becomes an utterance|Whether “Marry is beautiful.” is a sentence or an utterance depends on|how we look at it .
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in what aspects do linguistics and language teaching differ?
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答案是：language is viewed as a system of forms in linguistics|but it is regarded as a set of skills in the field of language teaching|linguistic research is concerned with the establishment of theories|which explains the phenomena of language|whereas language teaching aims at the learner's mastery of language.
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surface structure
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答案是：Surface structure results from the application of whatever transformations are needed to yield the final syntactic form of the sentence. Or: The surface structure is the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which deeply corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive .
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Deep structure
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答案是：Deep structure results from insertion of lexical item into the tree structure generated by the phrase structure rules. Or: The deep structure is the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e. the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents.
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( ) After comparing “They stopped at the end of the corridor” with “At the end of the corridor, they stopped”, you may f
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答案是：B
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( ) Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb, and they were separated in traditional grammar.
A.正确
B.
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答案是：A
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( ) Root also falls into two categories: free and bound.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：A
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( ) The voiced dental fricative is /z/.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：B
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( ) Descriptive linguists are concerned with how languages work, not with how they can be improved.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：A
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( ) Semanticly, BEEF is excluded in MEAT.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：B
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( ) Paradigmatic relation in syntax is alternatively called horizontal relation.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：B
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( ) A root is not always a free form.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：A
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( ) /n/ is one of syllabic consonants.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：A
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( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the same animal is inexplicable.
A.正确
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答案是：A
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( )The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the r
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答案是：A
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( ) In the following pair of sentences, sentence (b) presupposes sentence (a): (a) John managed to finish in time. (b) J
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答案是：A
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( ) All words contain a root morpheme.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：A
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( )The sound /p/ in the word “expensive” is pronounced as a voiceless consonant.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：B
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( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：B
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Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k____ of the rules of his language.
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答案是：categories
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( ) A sentence is a grammatical unit and an utterance is a pragmatic notion.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：A
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( ) The meaning relationship between MAN and GROEN-UP is hyponymous because the semantic features of MAN are included in
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答案是：A
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( ) Morphemes are regarded as abstract constructs in the system of sound.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：B
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( ) The word “hour” contains a diphthong and a pure vowel.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：B
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( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：B
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( ) “Tulip”, “rose”, and “violet” are all included in the notion of “flower”, therefore they are superordinates of “flow
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答案是：B
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( ) “Kids” and “children” are synonyms despite their stylistic difference.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：A
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( ) The words “water” and “teacher” have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：B
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( ) In English, we have the syllable structure of CCCVCCCC.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：A
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( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informative function.
A.正确
B.错误
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答案是：B
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code switching
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答案是：a speaker does not necessarily have to follow a particular variety or dialect all the time in the course of communication. he may change form the standard language to the non-standard language, he may shift his subject matter which dominates the incidence of vocabulary, he may move from one point on the formality scale to another point. this linguistic behavior is referred to as code-switching.
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Error analysis
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答案是：error analysis is the study and analysis of error and is confined to the language learner. here, "error" refers generally to the learner's misuse or misunderstanding of the target language, may it be grammatical or pragmatic.
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interlanguage
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答案是：the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage. as the name signals, interlanguage is a language system between the target language and the learner's native language. it is imperfect compared with the target language, but it is not mere translation from the learner's native language.
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negative transfer
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答案是：in learning a second language learners will subconsciously use their mother tongue knowledge. this is known as language transfer. when the structures of the two languages are different, negative transfer or interference occurs and results in errors.
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taboo
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答案是：a linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the "polite" soceity from general use. obscene, profane, and swear words are all taboo words that are to be avoided entirely, or at least avoided in mixed company.
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social dialect
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答案是：social dialect refers to a dialect associated with a given demographic group (e.g. women versus men, older versus younger speakers, or members of different social classes).
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diglossia
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答案是：the term diglossia, first used by Ferguson in 1959, refers to a socialinguistic situation similar to bilingualism. but instead of two different languages, in a diglossic situation two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. it is a matter of formality in nature.
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sociolect
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答案是：dialects which identify where a person is in terms of a social scale are called "social dialects"or "class dialects" or "socialects" for short.
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idiolect
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答案是：just as every speech community has a dialect, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing his ideas in language. this language variety of individual users is called "idiolect".
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Synonymy
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答案是：Synonymy is used to mean sameness or does similarity of meaning. Total synonymy is rare. The so-called synonyms are all context dependent, they are different from one way or another.
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pragmatics
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答案是：Pragmatics is the study of how context (e.g. time, place, social relationship between speaker and hearer, and speaker’s assumptions about the hearer’s beliefs) influences the interpretation of meaning. Another general definition is that it is the study of how speakers of a language to communicate in utterances.
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Gradable antonyms
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答案是：(1) The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning; words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms. Words do not contrast each other only on a single dimension; in fact, oppositeness can be found on different dimensions and different kinds of antonyms have been recognized. (2) Gradable antonyms are antonyms that are gradable because there are often intermediate forms betweent the two members of a pair. For example, “old” and “young” are immediately recognized as antonyms, but they stand for two extremes, between which there exist intermediate forms representing differing degrees of being old or young, such as “middle-aged”, “mature,” “elderly”.
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contexturalism
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答案是：Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from, or reduce it to, observable context: the “situational context” and the “linguistic context.” Every utterance occurs in a particular spatio-temporal situation, as the following factors are related to the situational context: (1) the speaker and the hearer; (2) the actions they are performing at the time; (3) various external objects and events; (4) deictic features. The “linguistic context” us another aspect of contextualism. It considers the probability of one word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another, which forms part of the meaning, and an important factor in communication.
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A________ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in d
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答案是：cquisition
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The c_______ analysis was founded on the belief that it was possible, by establishing the linguistic differences between
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答案是：onstrastive
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I________ motivation occurs when the learner.s goal is functional and intergrative motivation occurs when the learner.s
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答案是：nstrumental
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Languists often use the term native language or morther tongue instead of first language, and t_____ language instead of
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答案是：arget
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