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In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a sec
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答案是：ransfer
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I___________ is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.
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答案是：nterlanguage
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The development of a first or native language is called first language a____________.
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答案是：cquisition
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C_________ may take place in a conversation when one speaker uses one language and the other speaker answers in a differ
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答案是：ode-switching
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A s________ community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of l
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答案是：peech
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The process of converting a message into a signal by means of which it can be communicated to other individuals is calle
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答案是：ncoding
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sense
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答案是：Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in. For example, the word “dog” is given the definition of “a domesticated canine mammal, occuring in many breeds that show a great variety in size and form.” this does not refer to any particular dog that exists in the real world, but applies too any animal that meets the features described in the definition. So this is the sense of the word “dog.”
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C-command
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答案是：The similarity or general feature in two government relations such as “speak about the language ” is technically called constituent command, c-command for short, that is, c-command refers to the relation between an element and another of the same level and under the same node in a tree diagram, and any others under the latter element as well.
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Endocentric construction
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答案是：An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed costruction.
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concord
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答案是：Concord, also known as agreement, may be defined as requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories, e.g. “man runs,” “men run.”
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theme
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答案是：Theme is the thematic role of the noun phrase whose referent undergoes the action of the verb. Sometimes called patient.
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root
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答案是：A “root” is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. In other words, a “root” is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. “Internationalism” is a four-morpheme derivative which keeps its free morpheme “nation” as its root when “ inter-”, “-al” and “-ism” are taken away. All words contain a root morpheme.
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inflectional morpheme
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答案是：Inflectional morpheme do not change the word class of the word but only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. That is it provides further grammatical meaning to the existing lexical item. In English, inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes.
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suprasegmental
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答案是：Suprasegmental, used particularly by American linguists, refers to a unit that extends over more than one sound in an utterance, e.g. stress and tone.
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vowels
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答案是：Vowels are a major type of speech in terms of their articulatory characteristics. They are sound segments produced when the airstreams that come from the lungs meet with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived. Vowels function as the main sounds of syllables, either alone or combined with consonants. They are the nucleus of the syllable. It can be divided into pure vowels, semi-vowels, diphthongs. Vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors: (1) the position of tongue (2) the openness of the mouth (3) the shape of the lips (4) the length of the vowels.
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langue and parole
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答案是：F. de Saussure refers langue to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and refers to parole to the actual or actualized language, or the realization of language. Langue is abstract, parole specific to the speaking situation; langue not actually spoken by an individual, parole always a naturally occurring event; langue relatively stable and systematic, parole subject to personal and situational constraints. The langue-parole distinction is of great importance, which casts great influence on linguists.
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phatic communication
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答案是：Phatic communication refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintain social contacts rather than for exchanging information or ideas. Greetings, farewells; comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. Much of the phatic language is insincere but important. If you don’t say, it will ruin your friendship etc.
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language
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答案是：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
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arbitrariness
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答案是：Arbitrariness means that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. It is the core feature of language.
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design features
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答案是：Design feature refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability.
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S_____ are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.
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答案是：ociolects
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One way out of the communication dilemma is language s_________ known as language planning.
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答案是：tandardization
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S_________ is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, f
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答案是：lang
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A pidgin typically lacks in i________ morphemes.
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答案是：nflectional
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The strong version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two aspects: linguistic d________ and linguistic relativism.
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答案是：eterminism
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The brain.s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic l__________ , which is specific to human being
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答案是：ateralization
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Languages differ in many ways, speakers of different language perceive and experience the world differently, relative to
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答案是：elativism
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There are occasions when one can think without l_________ , just as one may speak without thinking.
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答案是：anguage
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P____________ studies language in relation to mind.
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答案是：sycholinguistics
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The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h________, one on the right and one on the left.
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答案是：Emispheres
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Terms like “desk” and “stool” are h____ of the term “furniture.”
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答案是：yponyms
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According to Chomsky, grammar is a mechanism that should be able to generate all and o____ the grammatical sentences of
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答案是：nly
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A l_______ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of sy
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答案是：ocutionary
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P______ were sentences that did not state a fact of describe a state, and were not verifiable.
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答案是：erformatives
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The notion of c________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
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答案是：Ontext
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There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relatio
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答案是：uantity
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Most of the violations of the four maxims give rise to c_______ implicatures.
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答案是：onversational
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P______ can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentence to affect successful communication.
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答案是：ragmatics
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H_____ are written identically but sound differently.
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答案是：omographs
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R_______ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the
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答案是：Eference
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When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h_______.
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答案是：omophones
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E______ is a relation of inclusion.
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答案是：ntailment
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That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c_____ antonyms.
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答案是：omplementary
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The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meanings, words that are opposite in meaning are a______.
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答案是：ntobyms
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S______ is a phenomenon in semantics, referring to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.
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答案是：ynonymy
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The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is l__________.
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答案是：inear
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C_______ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.
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答案是：ase
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P_______ structure rules allow us to better understand how words and phrases form sentences, and so on.
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答案是：hrase
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In a tree diagram, the points at which the tree branches at various levels are called b_______ nodes.
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答案是：ranching
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Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic c______.
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答案是：ategories
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Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k____ of the rules of his language
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答案是：Knowledge
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Language exists in time and change through time. The description of a language at some of point of time is called a s___
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答案是：ynchronic
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D____ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two level
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答案是：uality
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The description of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study.
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答案是：iachronic
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D____ means that language can be used to refer things which present of not present, real or imagined matters in the past
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答案是：isplacement
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Linguistics is generally defined as the s____ study of language.
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答案是：cientific
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Modern linguistics gives priority to the s____ form of language.
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答案是：poken
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If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d____.
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答案是：escriptive
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Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s____ stress.
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答案是：entence
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Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s____ rules.
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答案是：equential
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