| 显示福建师范大学系统汉语言文学所有答案 |
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论《红楼梦研究》批判运动的主要内容
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答案是：【参考答案】
在这场运动中，被作为“胡适派的资产阶级唯心论”的标本就是俞平伯研究《红楼梦》后得出的结论。“自序传”说起自于胡适，他的《红楼梦 考证》的基本结论就是:“红楼梦这部书是曹雪芹的自叙传”，它的价值正在这“平淡无奇的自然主义上面”。俞平伯的许多基本观点亦是建立在“自序传”的基础上。其还认为，《红楼梦》的风格是“怨而不怒”。这一观点调和了两者之间的尖锐矛盾，抹煞了两个形象所体现的社会内容，从而也就抹杀了《红楼梦》鲜明的倾向性。对钗黛二人的褒贬，本是仁者见人，智者见智，批判者一味强调《红楼梦》的倾向性和战斗性，其政治导向也是较为明显的。后来，这种简单的、或者极端的二元对立的思维一直影响着文学创作与文学批评。
这场批判运动从总体上还是否定了胡适、俞平都肯定俞平伯在《红楼梦》作者、版本的考证方面的贡献。就学术研究而言，不同的研究方法都有其所长和所短，过分地强调或故意地贬低某种方法本身就不符合科学的精神。从发动者的政治意图看，对考证学的贬低是为了肃清胡适派的影响，为了贬低胡适研究的价值;对文艺学的肯定，强调理论分析的重要性实际则是为了确立主流文艺思想的正统地位，为了把主流观念贯彻到文学批评与研究的过程中，贯彻到整个意识形态中去。这种单以某种理论代替具体考证研究的结果，是后来以论代史的盛行，是文学研究与批评中实事求是的科学精神的逐步消失，以及服务政治的急功近利的出现。
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论晚清文学改良派的小说观念。
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答案是：【参考答案】
① 小说营构人心社会。针对中国的小说在“四部”中历来只能附于子、史的观念，严复、夏曾佑提出小说营构人心社会作用，强调“有人身所作之史有人心所构之史，而今日人心之营构，即为一他日人身之所作。”
② 小说为正史之根。“小说为正史之根”的崭新观念得到了富于激情的梁启超的进一步张扬。
③ 小说为文学之最上乘。梁启超将小说视为“文学之最上乘”，改变了传统的小说“不登大雅之堂”的观念，而且为“小说界革命”找到了有力依据。
④ 小说乃文学之大进化。到1903年，梁启超又把生物进化论运用到小说界革命中，从而形成了文学进化观，这也就更为小说界革命、为充分肯定小说的地位找到了理论依据。
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.论新写实小说的叙事特征
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答案是：【参考答案】
①视点下沉。新写实小说的叙事方式与传统现实主义最根本的区别，就在于叙述者或隐含作者的视点产生了巨大的移位。新写实小说的作者已经不再凭借理性或理念的力量站到高处，俯视生活、俯视人物，而是放弃自己的思想武装，解除作者的特权走进芸芸众生，用下沉的视点去观察生活，观察作品人物的一举一动。
②零度叙述。新写实小说的作家由于放弃了理性或理念的关照，也就失去了价值判断的尺度，失去了情感天平的砝码，新写实小说的叙述也就只能是隐匿式的缺席式的叙述，只能是“零度状态”的叙述。
③随机性和偶然性。在新写实小说中，由于拒绝意识形态阐释，由于缺少终极的价值指向，情节的发展往往充满了随机性和偶然性。
④平面化和零碎化。新写实小说的故事大多以平面化零碎化的状态呈现，从而构成一种似乎是未经任何选择加工“生活流”或“叙事流”状态。不重情节结构的戏剧化，追求叙事方式的生活化，不重情节间的因果逻辑关系，而重生活“纯态事实”的原生美，不重故事情节的跌宕曲折，而重生活细节的真实生动，也就成为典型的新写实小说的“生活流”叙事特点。
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论共和国文学的历史源流。
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答案是：【参考答案】
①早期革命文学倡导。早期共产党人在论述文艺是生活的反映、文艺的上层建筑性质等马克思主义的基本原理的基础上，主要探讨的是文艺与革命的关系。这是历史上第一次关于革命文学的系统的讨论。
②普罗文学提倡与论争。1927年国共破裂后，共产党所领导的革命转入低潮,从各地聚集到上海的革命者又发动了一场“无产阶级革命文学运动”。由于党左内倾主义路线的影响，创造社、太阳社在提倡无产阶级文学时同样也暴露了许多左倾和极端的错误。
③左翼文艺运动。左联的成立极大地推动了左翼文艺运动的发展，左联成为中国共产党领导下的革命作家的统一组织。除了创办出版左翼报刊和文学作品，进行反对白色恐怖的文化斗争外，左联进行了一系列富有理论建设意义和文艺实践意义的工作，为中国共产党领导的革命事业做出了重要的贡献。但是，左联在理论上照搬苏联的提法做法，表现了教条主义的倾向，在后来仍然长期影响着共产党所领导的革命文艺事业。
④根据地的文艺运动。抗战爆发后，中国共产党在其领导的解放区( 抗战期间称“敌后抗日根据地”，其中最主要的是延安及其所在地陕甘宁边区根据地)开始了规模宏大、体制完备的理想社会的构建，带有这一社会体制特征的“解放区文学”由此产生，而延安文艺运动也成为上继二十年代以来的革命文学运动、左翼文艺运动，下启共和国文学的社会主义文艺运动的关键环节。
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晚清诗界革命的主要内容及意义。
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答案是：【参考答案】
1899年，梁启超在《夏威夷游记》中正式提出“诗界革命”的口号，认为想要挽救中国诗歌日益衰落的命运，必须使诗歌创造出全新的境界来。主要内容如下：
①新与俗的纲领。针对晚清诗歌创作追求古与雅的写作原则，梁启超等人提出了新与俗的纲领。 所谓新，或者说新的意境，就是指反映新的思想和新的生活。而创造新的诗境，必须有新的思想，只有用新的思想来写新的生活，才能达到这一要求。
②主张我手写我口。黄遵宪认为，在古雅的幌子下尊古摹拟，只能阻碍诗歌的发展，也必然失去作者的创作个性。所以他主张以“我手写我口”的精神，做到“诗之外有事；诗之中有人。”
③从民歌吸收养料。黄遵宪就主张“以民间流行最俗最不经之语入诗”，并从民歌中吸收养料，不受旧诗的束缚，来创造新的通俗诗歌。上述诗歌创作的新与俗的理论主张，就是“以最浅之文字，存以深意”，而黄遵宪的诗作就是实践这种主张的典型代表。
意义：这场目标在于“以旧风格含新意境”，只“革其精神，非革其形式”的“诗界革命”，实际上是一场以新思想与旧形式的揉合杂拌为奋进目标的改革，当然结不出诗歌的硕果，也难于开一代诗风。
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You have no social life other than work-related events.
Work is on your mind 24 hours, 7 days.
You feel stressed beca
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答案是：除了与工作有关的事，你就没有社交生活了。
一周七天一天二十四小时，你的脑子里全是工作。
因为工作你感到压力。
如果有人建议你削减工作，你就觉得很不高兴。
你从不度假, 或者即使度假也带着工作。
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There is no separation for you between work and home.
Even when at home, your work is the top priority.
You are tota
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答案是：不分工作和家庭。
即使在家，你的工作也是最重要的。
你一心扑在工作上，只有在工作中才能找到快乐。
工作似乎总是在家庭和娱乐之上。
除了与工作有关的事，你就没有社交生活了。
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Do some brainstorming about your expenses and how you could possibly cut back on them. It is wise to write them down on
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答案是：花些心思考虑一下你的花费及如何才能减少开支。把它们记在纸上是一种很明智的做法，因为这样就不容易轻易放弃。比如，你能不能通过乘坐公共交通工具来节省一些汽油？如果你经常到饭店吃饭，可以考虑一下多在家里就餐。反思一下自己的购物习惯。
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Set limits on the hours and attention you devote to your job.
Set aside quality time for your personal relationships a
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答案是：对用于工作的时间和精力设立一个限度。
划出专用的时间用于人际关交往和娱乐。
考虑做志愿者吧—帮助别人, 结识新朋友。
使自己相信, 有时坐下来放松放松什么事情也不做是可以的。
克服那种凡事都要完美都要符合自己的标准的想法。
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. The Smith’s family, which ________ rather a large one, ________ very fond of their old house.
A. were ... were B.
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答案是：（ B）
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— The trousers ________ you well, madam. （
— But the color ________ me.
A. fit ... don’t suit B. fits ... doesn’t
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答案是：D ）
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The conductor and composer ________ by a crowd of people.
A. are greeted B. is greeted C. greets D. h
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答案是：（ B）
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Either John or his friends ________ to blame for the bad results.
A. are B. is C. was D. has been
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答案是：（ A）
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E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played
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答案是：（ A）
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Either of these young ladies ________ perfectly qualified to teach Greek, Latin and French.
A. were B. are C. is
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答案是：（ C）
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Mathematics as well as other subjects ________ a science.
A. was B. is C. are D. belong to
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答案是：B
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Cattle ________ to graze on the village common. )
A. are allowed B. is allowed C. allows D. allow
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答案是：( A
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. The secretary and treasurer of our company ________ the meeting.
A. were to attend B. are to attend C. is atten
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答案是：( D)
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A thousand miles no longer ________ much to us today, for modern jets can easily get us to a great distance within a mat
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答案是：( B )
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. Economics, several courses of which I have taken thus far, ________ to be difficult but useful for almost all students
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答案是：( B)
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Of the two cups, he bought ________ one.
A. the smaller B. the smallest C. small D. smaller
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答案是：( A)
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. Rather than ________ to see the film he would prefer ________ stay at home.
A. go ... to B. to go ... to C. went .
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答案是：( A)
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This year the farmers have produced twice ________ grain ________they did last year.
A. as less ... as B. fewe
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答案是：( C)
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Liu Fang studies much better than ________ student in his class.
A. any B. any other C. the other D. other
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答案是：B
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The patient isn’t out of danger. He is ________ than how he was yesterday.
A. no better B. worst C. not worse D. n
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答案是：( A)
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— What was his performance like?
— Oh, it couldn’t have been________.
A. much wonderful B. more wonderful
C. les
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答案是：( B)
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This room is ________ much larger than that one.
A. no B. not a C. no a D. as
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答案是：（A）
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. Frank plays ________ Alex.
A. a lot more better than B. a lot better than
C. much more better than
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答案是：（ B）
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.The more he tried to help her, ________ she seemed to appreciate it.
A. less B. the less C. the least D.
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答案是：（ B）
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How beautifully she sings！I have never heard ________.
A. the better voice B. a good voice C. the best voice D.
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答案是：（ D）
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Boris has brains. In fact，I doubt whether anyone in the class has ________ IQ. （ B）
A. a high B. a higher C. t
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答案是：（ B）
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______ the door than somebody started knocking on it. （B）
A. I had closed no sooner B. No sooner had I closed
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答案是：（B）
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______ he is absent, what shall we do?
A. Now that B. Seeing that C. Whether D. Supposing that
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答案是：（A）
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Most of the stones are ______ a man and weigh about two and a half tons each.
A. more high B. much more high C. hi
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答案是：（D）
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We’ll visit Europe next year ______ we have enough money.
A. provided B. unless C. until D. lest
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答案是：（ A）
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______ he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.
A. As soon as B. As well as C. So far as D
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答案是：（D）
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. The time will come ______ man can fly_____he likes in the universe.
A. how ... where B. when ... wherever
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答案是：（ B）
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A student, ______ name I don’t know, came to see me.
A. that B. who C. whose D. whom
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答案是：（ C）
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The International Studies University, ______ in 1951, is a military academy.
A. founded B. has been fo
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答案是：（A）
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The machine is such ______ I have never seen before.
A. what B. as C. when D. where
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答案是：（B）
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The company official ______ I thought would be fired received a raise.
A. whom B. whoever C. who D. which
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答案是：（C）
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The village ______ my mother grew up in is not far from the city.
A. what B. where C. which D. wherever
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答案是：（C）
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The crime was discovered till 48 hours later, ______ gave the criminal plenty of time to get away. A
A. which B. tha
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答案是：A
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The two elements ______ water is made are the oxygen and hydrogen. （
A. that B. which C. of which D. with
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答案是：C）
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— How’s the performance? Excellent?
— ______________________.
A. Far from. I should have stayed home sleeping.
B.
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答案是：（A）
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— Mary，I heard you went skiing with your friends. What happened?
— __________________________（
A. Well，I never learned
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答案是：B）
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— I wonder if Julie will arrive at five thirty as she said this morning.
— ________________________
A. I think so.
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答案是：（.D）
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— Cherry，would you mind looking after my cat for a few days when I go on business?
— __________________________.
A. No
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答案是：（ C）
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— There’s a big party at the students’ center tonight. Are you going with us?
— _____________________________
A. It’s
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答案是：（.B）
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— The movie last night was really interesting.
— ____________________________
A. But it was difficult to understand.
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答案是：.（C）
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— I wonder if you could do me a favor.
— _______________________________
A. Sure. B. I could. C. Yes，I do. D. No，not
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答案是：（.A）
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— How many students do you teach?
— ________________________.
A. Quite a bit. B. More boys than girls.
C.
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答案是：（C）
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— Mary, are you and your husband busy this weekend?
— ________________________
A. This weekend we may go to cinema.
B
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答案是：（.B）
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— Have you been to Paris?
—________________________
A. No, I didn’t go there last year.
B. No, but I hope to go there
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答案是：（.B）
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— Are you going on holiday?
—________________________.（
A. Not until next week. B. Three weeks ago.
C. To B
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答案是：A）
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. — What do you think of your new teacher?
— ________________________.
A. He came to teach us last week. B. He t
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答案是：（ D ）
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-- Hello, may I talk to the headmaster now?DDC
--- ___________________ .
A. Sorry, he is busy at the mome
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答案是：（A）
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One silly question I simply can.t stand is "How do you feel". Usually the question is asked of a man in action--a man on
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答案是：DDCBD
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A young man who lived in London was in love with a beautiful girl. Soon she became his fiancée （未婚妻）. The man was very p
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答案是：BBCCC
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Almost every family buys as least one copy of a newspaper every day. Some people subscribe to as many as two or three di
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答案是：CADCA
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