Communication Failure

　　The meaning of “communication” goes a lot deeper than people often think. Communication is about conceiving, sending, receiving, and interpreting messages as well as confirming reception of these messages. A failure at any point in this chain can result in ineffective communication.

　　Ineffective communication can be disastrous. There is a famous story of a British Army Commander who sent the message “Send reinforcements, we.re going to advance.” back to his Command Center, through a long chain of subordinates. When the message finally reached the Command Center, it had “mutated” to become -- “Send three and four-pence, we.re going to a dance.” The reinforcements never arrived.

　　You can demonstrate this same principle, albeit on a less dramatic scale, by trying to play Chinese Whispers with more than 20 people. It is highly unlikely the same message you started with will be the one you end with.

　　In a business, there are three main types of communication failure. Each has its own indicative signs.

　　The first type is known as allocative failure. This occurs when a firm is not gathering enough intelligence about its market or (most often), the information is not reaching the right points. The firm will not be allocating resources in step with the shifts in demand. If demand is rising but the firm is suffering from allocative communication failure, then stocks will fall and there will be understaffing. If the inverse happens, there will be a surplus of stocks and overstaffing.

　　The second type is executive failure, where communication to trigger specific events/actions is either late, lacking or in error. The symptoms of this are a general loss of direction in the company or departments, a loss of co-ordination and an increase in complaints from customers as things happen late or not at all.

　　The final type is human failure. This occurs when the general culture of a business or the relationships between particular individuals or departments do not foster effective communication. This leads to alienated staff, an increase in staff turnover, an increase in absenteeism and general frustration among staff. Creativity, especially that which takes place across departmental boundaries, is likely to suffer hugely as team synergy slips.

操作提示：通过题目后的下拉选项框选择正确答案。

Confirming reception of the sent messages means __1__.
A. the messages are sent to right receivers
B. the messages are correctly understood
C. the messages are correctly understood by right receivers

2. In the famous British Army Commander story, which step probably did NOT go wrong in the communication chain__2__
A. Conceiving.
B. Sending.
C. Receiving.

3. What is Chinese whispers__3__
A. Who whispers in Chinese.
B. A game to pass message around in a whisper.
C. Chinese people who don.t normally talk very loudly.

4. Allocative failure does NOT happen when __4__.
A. the right information goes to the right place
B. a company gathers false information
C. the correct information is not received by the right department or person

5. According to the passage, which of the following cases does NOT belong to human failure__5__
A. Decreasing creativity across departments.
B. Inadequate communication between departments.
C. Increasing customer complaints.__5__(完形填空)
.A
.B
.C